Pronunciation of -ed

I. Pronunciation of -ed in Verbs:

+ Pronounce as /ɪd/: verbs ending with /t/, /d/

Example: wanted, devoted, decided

+ Pronounce as /t/: verbs ending with /s/, -sh, -x, -ss, -k, -p, /f/, -ch, -ce

	(Thần chú: Sáng sớm xuân sang Khánh phải fụ cha cày.)

Example: based, washed, fixed, missed, booked, stopped, bluffed, watched, faced

laughed, coughed

+ Pronounce as /d/: others

Example: played, bathed, stayed, received, fooled,...

NOTE: These words ending in -se, but the -se is pronounced as /z/. Therefore, -ed is pronounced as /d/: caused, teased, pleased, used, raised, composed, comprised, confused, ...

II. Pronunciation of -ed in Adjectives and Adverbs:

There are some Adjectives in which -ed is pronounced as /ɪd/:

• naked, beloved, crooked, wretched, ragged, rugged, sacred, wicked, one-legged, ...

When -ed appears in Adverbs, it is pronounced as /ɪd/:

• supposedly, allegedly, half-heartedly, ...